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1. “三長”

(1) 介詞短語

【定義】從介詞開始到名詞結(jié)束、表達(dá)一個(gè)獨(dú)立的完整的含義的結(jié)構(gòu)。

【起止標(biāo)識(shí)】標(biāo)記介詞短語時(shí)，要從介詞開始到介詞之后的第一個(gè)名詞終止。如：at home、in the school、in the beautiful park、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、for three weeks、to the destination

【例句】 (After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).

(2) 從句

【定義】從句是復(fù)合句中不能獨(dú)立成句，但具有主語部分和謂語部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的非主句部分。

【起止標(biāo)識(shí)】標(biāo)記從句時(shí)，一定從關(guān)系詞開始，到以下四種終止。

① 到句尾終止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).

② 到句中的逗號(hào)終止，如：(When I was young), I listened to the radio.

③ 到下一個(gè)修飾成分終止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介詞短語，屬于另一個(gè)修飾成分，故從句的標(biāo)記在此處終止)

④ 到下一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞終止，如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.

(3) 非謂語動(dòng)詞短語

【定義】非謂語動(dòng)詞是指動(dòng)詞在句子中“不是謂語”時(shí)的幾種變化形式，主要包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)三類。非謂語動(dòng)詞不能獨(dú)立作謂語，而是充當(dāng)句子的其他成分。由非謂語動(dòng)詞開頭的、表示一個(gè)獨(dú)立、完整的含義的結(jié)構(gòu)叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞短語。

【起止標(biāo)識(shí)】標(biāo)記非謂語動(dòng)詞短語時(shí)，一定是從動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)、動(dòng)名詞(doing)或分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞doing或過去分詞done)開頭，到以下四種情況終止。

① 到句尾終止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).

② 到句中的逗號(hào)終止，如：(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.

③ 到下一個(gè)修飾成分終止，如：Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介詞短語，屬于另一修飾成分。)

④ 到下一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞終止，如：We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.